List of web directories
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Jump to: navigation, search

A web directory is a listing of websites organized in a hierarchy or interconnected list of categories.

The following is a list of web directory services for which Wikipedia has articles.
Contents
[hide]

* 1 Directories
o 1.1 General
o 1.2 Specialist
* 2 Defunct directories
* 3 See also
* 4 External links

[edit] Directories

[edit] General

* Ansearch - Web search and Directories focusing on the US, UK, Australia and New Zealand.
* BUBL - A free database of non-commercial websites, organised using the Dewey Decimal classification system.
* Best of the Web Directory - Lists content rich, well designed websites categorized both by topic and by region.
* GoGuides - Searchable human edited web directory categorized by topic and location. Includes an image search and updated news.
* JoeAnt - A community of editors from the now-defunct Go.com volunteer edited directory.
* Open Directory Project (aka DMoz or ODP) - The largest directory of the web. Its open content is mirrored at many sites, including the Google Directory.
* Starting Point Directory - A human edited general directory organizing sites by category.
* World Wide Web Virtual Library (VLIB) - The oldest directory of the Web.
* Yahoo! Directory - The first service Yahoo! offered.


[edit] Specialist

* Business.com - Business directory which charges a fee for review and operates as a Pay per click search engine.
* VFunk - Online directory that specializes in listing and categorizing global dance music & urban lifestyle listings.

[edit] Defunct directories

* LookSmart - Operated several vertical directories from 1995 to 2006.
* Lycos' TOP 5% - From 1995 until 2000 it aimed to list the web's top 5% of websites.
* Zeal - Volunteer-built web directory. It was introduced in 1999, acquired by LookSmart in 2000, and shut down in 2006.

[edit] See also

* List of internet search engines

[edit] External links

* Internet Directories at the Open Directory Project

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_web_directories"
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Las Vegas Nevada Lawyer Howard Roitman: Web Directorys

Library of Congress: Las Vegas Nevada Lawyer Howard Roitman

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Howard R. Roitman, Esq. has been practicing law for 22 years. Howard Roitman is one of the first attorneys to be recognized by the State Bar of Nevada as a Certified Specialist in Estate Planning. He is a member of the Bar in Nevada, California, New York, and the District of Columbia. He is a graduate of Georgetown University Law Center (JD in 1984 and LL.M in taxation in 1985), and the Harvard University Mediation Program (2004). He is a Certified Financial Planner (CFP®), Charted Life Underwriter (CLU), and a Chartered Financial Consultant (ChFC).

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Library of Congress

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Library of Congress
Established	1800
Location	Washington, D.C.
Branches	n/a
Collection
Size	30,011,749 Books (138,313,427 total Items)[1]
Access and use
Circulation	library does not publicly circulate
Population served	535 members of the United States Congress, their staff, and members of the public
Other information
Budget	$600,417,000[2]
Director	James H. Billington (Librarian of Congress)
Staff	3,783 [3]
Website	http://www.loc.gov

The Library of Congress is the de facto national library of the United States and the research arm of the United States Congress. Located in three buildings in Washington, D.C., it is the largest library in the world by shelf space and holds the largest number of books. Its collections include more than 32 million catalogued books and other print materials in 470 languages; more than 61 million manuscripts; the largest rare book collection in North America, including the rough draft of the Declaration of Independence, a Gutenberg Bible (one of only four perfect vellum copies known to exist)^[4]; over 1 million US government publications; 1 million issues of world newspapers spanning the past three centuries; 33,000 bound newspaper volumes; 500,000 microfilm reels; over 6,000 comic book^[5] titles; the world's largest collection of legal materials; films; 4.8 million maps; sheet music; 2.7 million sound recordings; more than 13.7 million prints and photographic images including fine and popular art pieces and architectural drawings; the Betts Stradivarius; and the Cassavetti Stradivarius. The head of the Library is the Librarian of Congress, currently James H. Billington.

Contents [hide] 1 History 1.1 Origins and Jefferson's donation (1800–1851) 1.2 Weakening (1851–1865) 1.3 Spofford's expansion (1865–1897) 1.4 Post-reorganization (1897–1939) 1.5 Modern history (1939— ) 2 Buildings of the Library 2.1 Thomas Jefferson Building 2.2 John Adams Building 2.3 James Madison Memorial Building 3 Holdings 4 Using the Library 5 Annual events 6 See also 7 References 8 External links

[edit] History

Construction of the Thomas Jefferson Building, from July 8, 1888 to May 15, 1894.

[edit] Origins and Jefferson's donation (1800–1851)

The Library of Congress was established on April 24, 1800, when President John Adams signed an Act of Congress providing for the transfer of the seat of government from Philadelphia to the new capital city of Washington. Part of the legislation appropriated $5,000 "for the purchase of such books as may be necessary for the use of Congress ..., and for fitting up a suitable apartment for containing them...." Books were ordered from London and the collection, consisting of 740 books and 30 maps, was housed in the new Capitol.^[6] Although the collection covered a variety of topics, the bulk of the materials were legal in nature, reflecting Congress' role as a maker of laws.

Thomas Jefferson played an important role in the Library's early formation, signing into law on January 26, 1802 the first law establishing the structure of the Library of Congress. The law established the presidentially appointed post of Librarian of Congress and a Joint Committee on the Library to regulate and oversee the Library, as well as giving the president and vice president the ability to borrow books.^[6] The Library of Congress was destroyed in August 1814, when invading British troops set fire to the Capitol building and the small library of 3,000 volumes within.^[6]

Within a month, former President Jefferson offered his personal library^[7][8]as a replacement. Jefferson had spent 50 years accumulating a wide variety of books, including ones in foreign languages and volumes of philosophy, science, literature, and other topics not normally viewed as part of a legislative library, such as cookbooks, writing that, "I do not know that it contains any branch of science which Congress would wish to exclude from their collection; there is, in fact, no subject to which a Member of Congress may not have occasion to refer." In January 1815, Congress accepted Jefferson's offer, appropriating $23,950 for his 6,487 books.^[6]

[edit] Weakening (1851–1865)

The antebellum period was difficult for the Library. During the 1850s the Smithsonian Institution's librarian Charles Coffin Jewett aggressively tried to move that organization towards becoming the United States' national library. His efforts were blocked by the Smithsonian's Secretary Joseph Henry, who advocated a focus on scientific research and publication and favored the Library of Congress' development into the national library. Henry's dismissal of Jewett in July 1854 ended the Smithsonian's attempts to become the national library, and in 1866 Henry transferred the Smithsonian's forty thousand-volume library to the Library of Congress.^[6]

On December 24, 1851 the largest fire in the Library's history destroyed 35,000 books, about two-thirds of the Library's 55,000 book collection, including two-thirds of Jefferson's original donation.^[6] Congress in 1852 quickly appropriated $168,700 to replace the lost books but not for the acquisition of new materials. This marked the start of a conservative period in the Library's administration under Librarian John Silva Meehan and Joint Committee Chairman James A. Pearce, who worked to restrict the Library's activities.^[6] In 1857, Congress transferred the Library's public document distribution activities to the Department of the Interior and its international book exchange program to the Department of State. The centralization of copyright offices into the United States Patent Office in 1859 ended the Library's thirteen year role as a depository of all copyrighted books and pamphlets. Abraham Lincoln's political appointment of John G. Stephenson as Librarian of Congress in 1861 further weakened the Library; Stephenson's focus was on non-library affairs, including service as a volunteer aide-de-camp at the battles of Chancellorsville and Gettysburg during the American Civil War. By the conclusion of the war, the Library of Congress had a staff of seven for a collection of eighty thousand volumes.^[6]

[edit] Spofford's expansion (1865–1897)

The Library of Congress inside the U.S. Capitol Building c. 1890

The Library of Congress reasserted itself during the latter half of the 19th century under Librarian Ainsworth Rand Spofford, who directed the Library from 1865 to 1897. Aided by an overall expansion of the federal government and a favorable political climate, Spofford built broad bipartisan support for the Library as a national library and a legislative resource, began comprehensively collecting Americana and American literature, and led the construction of a new building to house the Library, and transformed the Librarian of Congress position into one of strength and independence.^[6] Between 1865 and 1870, Congress appropriated funds for the construction of the Thomas Jefferson Building, placed all copyright registration and deposit activities under the Library's control, and restored the Library's international book exchange. The Library also acquired the vast libraries of both the Smithsonian and historian Peter Force, strengthening its scientific and Americana collections significantly. By 1876, the Library of Congress had 300,000 volumes and was tied with Boston Public Library as the nation's largest library. When the Library moved from the Capitol building to its new headquarters in 1897, it had over 840,000 volumes, 40% of which had been acquired through copyright deposit.^[6]

Some of the Library of Congress' holdings awaiting shelving inside the newly opened Thomas Jefferson Building

A year before the Library's move to its new location, the Joint Library Committee held a session of hearings to assess the condition of the Library and plan for its future growth and possible reorganization. Spofford and six experts sent by the American Library Association, including future Librarian of Congress Herbert Putnam and Melvil Dewey of the New York State Library, testified before the committee that the Library should continue its expansion towards becoming a true national library.^[6] Based on the hearings and with the assistance of Senators Justin Morrill of Vermont and Daniel Voorhees of Indiana, Congress more than doubled the Library's staff from 42 to 108 and established new administrative units for all aspects of the Library's collection. Congress also strengthened the office of Librarian of Congress to govern the Library and make staff appointments, as well as requiring Senate approval for presidential appointees to the position.^[6]

[edit] Post-reorganization (1897–1939)

Main Library of Congress building at the start of the 20th century

The Library of Congress, spurred by the 1897 reorganization, began to grow and develop more rapidly. Spofford's successor John Russell Young, though only in office for two years, overhauled the Library's bureaucracy, used his connections as a former diplomat to acquire more materials from around the world, and established the Library's first assistance programs for the blind and physically disabled.^[6] Young's successor Herbert Putnam held the office for forty years from 1899 to 1939, entering into the position two years before the Library became the first in the United States to hold one million volumes.^[6] Putnam focused his efforts on making the Library more accessible and useful for the public and for other libraries. He instituted the interlibrary loan service, transforming the Library of Congress into what he referred to as a "library of last resort".^[9] Putnam also expanded Library access to "scientific investigators and duly qualified individuals" and began publishing primary sources for the benefit of scholars.^[6]

Putnam's tenure also saw increasing diversity in the Library's acquisitions. In 1903 he persuaded President Theodore Roosevelt to transfer by executive order the papers of the Founding Fathers from the State Department to the Library of Congress. Putnam expanded foreign acquisitions as well, including the 1904 purchase of a four-thousand volume library of Indica, the 1906 purchase of G. V. Yudin's eighty-thousand volume Russian library, the 1908 Schatz collection of early opera librettos, and the early 1930s purchase of the Russian Imperial Collection, consisting of 2,600 volumes from the library of the Romanov family on a variety of topics. Collections of Hebraica and Chinese and Japanese works were also acquired.^[6] Congress even took the initiative to acquire materials for the Library in one occasion, when in 1929 Congressman Ross Collins of Mississippi successfully proposed the $1.5 million purchase of Otto Vollbehr's collection of incunabula, including one of four remaining perfect vellum copies of the Gutenberg Bible.^[6]

The display of the Gutenberg Bible in the Library of Congress

In 1914 Putnam established the Legislative Reference Service as a separative administrative unit of the Library. Based in the Progressive era's philosophy of science as a problem-solver, and modeled after successful research branches of state legislatures, the LRS would provide informed answers to Congressional research inquiries on almost any topic.^[6] In 1925 Congress passed an act allowing the Library of Congress to establish a trust fund board to accept donations and endowments, giving the Library a role as a patron of the arts. The Library received the donations and endowments of prominent individuals such as John D. Rockefeller, James B. Wilbur and Archer M. Huntington. Gertrude Clarke Whittall donated five Stradivarius violins to the Library and Elizabeth Sprague Coolidge's donations paid for a concert hall within the Library of Congress building and the establishment of an honorarium for the Music Division. A number of chairs and consultantships were established from the donations, the most well-known of which is the Poet Laureate Consultant.^[6]

The Library's expansion eventually filled the Library's Main Building despite shelving expansions in 1910 and 1927, forcing the Library to expand into a new structure. Congress acquired nearby land in 1928 and approved construction of the Annex Building (later the John Adams Building) in 1930. Although delayed during the Depression years, it was completed in 1938 and opened to the public in 1939.^[6]

[edit] Modern history (1939— )

Erotica, mural painting by George Randolph Barse (1861-1938) in the Library of Congress

Elihu Vedder's Minerva of Peace mosaic

When Putnam retired in 1939, President Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed Archibald MacLeish as his successor. Occupying the post from 1939 to 1944 during the height of World War II, MacLeish became the most visible Librarian of Congress in the Library's history. MacLeish encouraged librarians to oppose totalitarianism on behalf of democracy; dedicated the South Reading Room of the Adams Building to Thomas Jefferson, commissioning artist Ezra Winter to paint four themed murals for the room; and established a "democracy alcove" in the Main Reading Room of the Jefferson Building for important documents such as the Declaration, Constitution and Federalist Papers.^[6] Even the Library of Congress assisted during the war effort, ranging from the storage of the Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution in Fort Knox for safekeeping to researching weather data on the Himalayas for Air Force pilots.^[6] MacLeish resigned in 1944 to become Assistant Secretary of State, and President Harry Truman appointed Luther H. Evans as Librarian of Congress. Evans, who served until 1953, expanded the Library's acquisitions, cataloging and bibliographic services as much as the fiscal-minded Congress would allow, but his primary achievement was the creation of Library of Congress Missions around the world. Missions played a variety of roles in the postwar world: the mission in San Francisco assisted participants in the meeting that established the United Nations, the mission in Europe acquired European publications for the Library of Congress and other American libraries, and the mission in Japan aided in the creation of the National Diet Library.^[6]

Evans' successor L. Quincy Mumford took over in 1953. Mumford's tenure, lasting until 1974, saw the initiation of the construction of the James Madison Memorial Building, the third Library of Congress building. Mumford directed the Library during a period of increased educational spending, the windfall of which allowed the Library to devote energies towards establishing new acquisition centers abroad, including in Cairo and New Delhi. In 1967 the Library began experimenting with book preservation techniques through a Preservation Office, which grew to become the largest library research and conservation effort in the United States.^[6] Mumford's administration also saw the last major public debate about the Library of Congress' role as both a legislative library and a national library. A 1962 memorandum by Douglas Bryant of the Harvard University Library, compiled at the request of Joint Library Committee chairman Claiborne Pell, proposed a number of institutional reforms, including expansion of national activities and services and various organizational changes, all of which to shift the Library more towards its national role over its legislative role. Bryant even suggested possibly changing the name of the Library of Congress, which was rebuked by Mumford as "unspeakable violence to tradition".^[6] Debate continued within the library community until the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1970 shifted the Library back towards its legislative roles, placing greater focus on research for Congress and congressional committees and renaming the Legislative Reference Service to the Congressional Research Service.^[6]

After Mumford retired in 1974, Gerald Ford appointed Daniel J. Boorstin as Librarian. Boorstin's first challenge was the move to the new Madison Building, which took place between 1980 and 1982. The move released pressures on staff and shelf space, allowing Boorstin to focus on other areas of Library administration such as acquisitions and collections. Taking advantage of steady budgetary growth, from $116 million in 1975 to over $250 million by 1987, Boorstin actively participated in enhancing ties with scholars, authors, publishers, cultural leaders, and the business community. His active and prolific role changed the post of Librarian of Congress so that by the time he retired in 1987, the New York Times called it "perhaps the leading intellectual public position in the nation."^[6] Ronald Reagan appointed James H. Billington as the thirteenth Librarian of Congress in 1987, a post he holds as of 2008. Billington took advantage of new technological advancements and the Internet to link the Library to educational institutions around the country in 1991. The end of the Cold War also enabled the Library to develop relationships with newly open Eastern European nations, helping them to establish parliamentary libraries of their own.^[6]

In late November 2005, the Library announced intentions to launch the World Digital Library, digitally preserving books and other objects from all world cultures.

[edit] Buildings of the Library

The Library of Congress is physically housed in three buildings in Washington, D.C..

[edit] Thomas Jefferson Building

Main article: Thomas Jefferson Building

The Thomas Jefferson Building is located between Independence Avenue and East Capitol Street on First Street SE. It first opened in 1897 as the main building of the Library. Known originally as the Library of Congress Building or Main Building, it took its present name on June 13, 1980.

[edit] John Adams Building

Main article: John Adams Building

The John Adams Building is located between Independence Avenue and East Capitol Street on 2nd Street SE. It opened in 1938 as an annex to the main building. Between April 13, 1976 and June 13, 1980, the John Adams Building was known as the Thomas Jefferson Building.

[edit] James Madison Memorial Building

Main article: James Madison Memorial Building

The James Madison Memorial Building is located between First and Second Streets on Independence Avenue SE. It opened in 1981 as the new headquarters of the Library. The James Madison Memorial Building also serves as the official memorial to James Madison. It houses, among other materials, the Law Library of Congress.

[edit] Holdings

Library of Congress, Thomas Jefferson Building.

Interior view of the Library of Congress

The Library developed a system of book classification called Library of Congress Classification (LCC) which is used by most US research and university libraries, although most public libraries continue to use the Dewey decimal system.

The Library serves as a legal repository for copyright protection and copyright registration, and as the base for the United States Copyright Office. Regardless of whether they register their copyright, all publishers are required to submit two complete copies of their published works to the Library—this requirement is known as mandatory deposit.^[10] Parties wishing not to publish, need only submit one copy of their work. Nearly 22,000 new items published in the U.S. arrive every business day at the Library. Contrary to popular belief, however, the Library does not retain all of these works in its permanent collection, although it does add an average of 10,000 items per day. Rejected items are used in trades with other libraries around the world, distributed to federal agencies, or donated to schools, communities, and other organizations within the United States.^[11] As is true of many similar libraries, the Library of Congress retains copies of every publication in the English language which is deemed significant.

The Guinness Book of World Records currently lists the Library of Congress as the "World's Largest Library".^[12] This apparently is based on the shelf space the collection occupies; the Library of Congress states that its collection fills about 530 miles (850 km),^[13] while the British Library, reports about 388 miles (625 km) of shelves.^[14] The Library of Congress holds about 130 million items with 29 million books against approximately 150 million items with 25 million books for the British Library.^[13][14]

The Library of Congress is usually quoted as occupying, if digitized and stored as plain text, 20 terabytes of information (10 in other quotations), based on the amount of cataloged books in the Library of Congress classification system (20 million in 2007^[15]) and estimating one megabyte of text per book^[16]. This leads many people to conclude that 20 terabytes is equivalent to the entire holdings of the Library, but this is misleading because the Library contains many items in addition to books, such as manuscripts, photographs, maps, and sound recordings^[15], that, if digitized, would amount to much more information. The Library currently has no plans for systematic digitization of any significant portion of its books.

Library of Congress

The Library makes millions of digital objects, comprising tens of terabytes, available at its American Memory site. American Memory is a source for public domain image resources, as well as audio, video, and archived Web content. Nearly all of the lists of holdings, the catalogs of the library, can be consulted directly on its web site. Librarians all over the world consult these catalogs, through the Web or through other media better suited to their needs, when they need to catalog for their collection a book published in the United States. They use the Library of Congress Control Number to make sure of the exact identity of the book.

The Library of Congress also provides an on-line archive of the proceedings of the U.S. Congress at THOMAS, including bill text, Congressional Record text, bill summary and status, the Congressional Record Index, and the United States Constitution.

The Library also administers the National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped, a talking and braille library program provided to more than 766,000 Americans.

[edit] Using the Library

Library of Congress reading room

The library is open to the general public for academic research, and runs tours for visitors. Only those who are issued a "Reader Identification Card" may enter the reading rooms and access the collection. The Reader Identification Card is available in the Madison building to persons who are at least 16 years of age upon presentation of a government issued picture identification (e.g., driver's license, state ID card or passport). However, only members of Congress, Supreme Court Justices, their staff, Library of Congress staff and certain other government officials can actually remove items from the library buildings. Members of the general public with Reader Identification Cards must use items from the library collection inside the reading rooms only; they cannot remove library items from the reading rooms or the library buildings. During the 110th Congress, in the Fall, United States House of Representatives Pages were given Library of Congress Reader Cards for the first time in the Page Program's history, giving them access to the large reading rooms available in the Library of Congress. Pages can be as young as 16 years of age.

Since 1902, libraries in the United States have been able to request books and other items through interlibrary loan from the Library of Congress if these items are not readily available elsewhere. Through this, the Library of Congress has served as a "library of last resort", according to former Librarian of Congress Herbert Putnam.^[9]

[edit] Annual events

• The National Book Festival
• Founder's Day Celebration
• Gershwin Prize for Popular Song
• Archives Fair
• Judith P. Austin Memorial Lecture
• Davidson Fellows Reception

[edit] See also

The Great Hall interior

• Library of Congress
• Bibliotheca Alexandrina - The Library of Alexandria
• American Folklife Center
• Congressional Research Service
  • Federal Research Division
• Law Library of Congress
• Library of Congress Classification
• Library of Congress Country Studies
• Library of Congress Living Legend
• Library of Congress Subject Headings
• MARC standards
• National Film Registry
• National Recording Registry
• Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress
• United States Copyright Office
• United States Senate Library
• Documents Expediting Project
• The Feleky Collection
• World Digital Library
• Library of Parliament (Canada)
• House of Commons Library, Parliamentary Archives, British Library (UK)

[edit] References

1. ^ 2007 At A Glance [1]
2. ^ 2007 At A Glance[2]
3. ^ Year 2006 at a glance
4. ^ See Gutenberg's Bibles— Where to Find Them; http://www.octavo.com/editions/gtnbbl/index.html; http://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/guide/europe.html.
5. ^ "About the Serial and Government Publications Division". The Library of Congress (2006-04-07). Retrieved on 2006-08-08.
6. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab} "Jefferson's Legacy: A Brief History of the Library of Congress". Library of Congress (2006-03-06). Retrieved on 2008-01-14.
7. ^ Thomas Jefferson's personal library at Library Thing, based on scholarship http://www.librarything.com/catalog.php?view=ThomasJefferson
8. ^ Library Thing Profile Page for Thomas Jefferson's library, summarizing contents and indicating sources http://www.librarything.com/profile/ThomasJefferson
9. ^ ^{a b} "Interlibrary Loan (Collections Access, Management and Loan Division, Library of Congress". Library of Congress website (2007-10-25). Retrieved on 2007-12-04.
10. ^ "Mandatory Deposit". Copyright.gov. Retrieved on 2006-08-08.
11. ^ "Fascinating Facts". Library of Congress. Retrieved on 2006-08-08.
12. ^ "Largest Library". Guinness Book of World Records. Retrieved on 2006-08-08.
13. ^ ^{a b} "About the Library". Library of Congress. Retrieved on 2006-08-08.
14. ^ ^{a b} "Did You Know?". British Library. Retrieved on 2006-08-08.
15. ^ ^{a b} "Library of Congress General Information". Library of Congress (2007). Retrieved on 2008-09-03.
16. ^ "Entire Library of Congress" (2005). Retrieved on 2008-09-03.

[edit] External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Library of Congress

• The Library of Congress website
  • History of the Library of Congress
  • American Memory
  • Search the Library of Congress catalog
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• Works by the Library of Congress at Project Gutenberg
• Standards, The Library of Congress
• Library Of Congress Meeting Notices and Rule Changes from The Federal Register RSS Feed
• Library of Congress photos on Flickr
• Outdoor sculpture at the Library of Congress

• Library of Congress is at coordinates 38°53′20″N 77°00′16″W / 38.888841, -77.004531 (Library of Congress)Coordinates: 38°53′20″N 77°00′16″W / 38.888841, -77.004531 (Library of Congress)

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Howard R. Roitman, Esq. has been practicing law for 22 years. Howard Roitman is one of the first attorneys to be recognized by the State Bar of Nevada as a Certified Specialist in Estate Planning. He is a member of the Bar in Nevada, California, New York, and the District of Columbia. He is a graduate of Georgetown University Law Center (JD in 1984 and LL.M in taxation in 1985), and the Harvard University Mediation Program (2004). He is a Certified Financial Planner (CFP®), Charted Life Underwriter (CLU), and a Chartered Financial Consultant (ChFC).

Click on the following links for additional information.
National Association of Estate Planners and CouncilsNational Association of Estate Planners and Councils Georgetown University Law Center Harvard University Mediation Program

Certified Financial Planner (CFP®)

Charted Life Underwriter (CLU)

Chartered Financial Consultant (ChFC)
Nevada State Bar California State Bar New York State Bar The District of Columbia Bar

Networking Web Sites Howard Roitman Las Vegas Nevada Lawyer

List of social networking websites

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This is a list of major social networking websites.

Please note the list is non-exhaustive, but is limited to some notable, well known sites.

Name	Description/Focus	Registered users	Registration	Global Alexa[1] Page ranking (May 08)
Adult FriendFinder	Adults -- for finding friends or sex partners.	&0000000000230000.000000230,000[2]	Open	&0000000000000042.00000042[3]
Advogato	Free and open source software developers	&0000000000013575.00000013,575[4]	Open	&0000000000118513.000000118,513[5]
Amie Street	Music		Open	&0000000000029808.00000029,808[6]
ANobii	Books	&-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1.000000	Open	&0000000000014345.00000014,345[7]
aSmallWorld	European jet set and social elite	&0000000000270000.000000270,000[8]	Invite-only	&0000000000009306.0000009,306[9]
ASUIsTalking	General, School, College.		Open with Arizona State University email address
Avatars United	Online games.		Open
Authorstream	PowerPoint Presentation Sharing - General	&-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1.000000	Open	&0000000000018076.00000018,076[10]
Badoo	General, Popular in Europe	&0000000013000000.00000013,000,000[11]	Open to people 18 and older	&0000000000000213.000000213[12]
Bahu	General, Popular in France, Belgium and Europe	&0000000001000000.0000001,000,000[13]	Open to people 13 and older	&0000000000002946.0000002,946[14]
Bebo	General, Popular in the US, UK, Ireland, NZ and the Pacific Islands	&0000000040000000.00000040,000,000[15]	Open to people 13 and older	&0000000000000108.000000108[16]
Biip	Norwegian Community.	&0000000000013476.000000	Requires Norwegian phone number.
BlackPlanet	African-Americans	&0000000020000000.00000020,000,000[17]	Open	&0000000000000901.000000901[18]
Broadcaster.com	Video sharing and webcam chat	&0000000000322715.000000322,715[19]	Open
Buzznet	Music and pop-culture	&0000000010000000.00000010,000,000[20]	Open	&0000000000000498.000000498[21]
CafeMom	Mothers	&0000000001250000.0000001,250,000[22]	Open to moms and moms-to-be	&0000000000003090.0000003,090[23]
Cake Financial	Investing	&-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1.000000	Open
Capazoo	General (blogs, photos, music, videos)	&-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1.000000	Open
Care2	Green living and social activism	&0000000008942968.0000008,942,968[24]	Open
Classmates.com	School, college, work and the military	&0000000050000000.00000050,000,000[25]	Open	&0000000000000923.000000923[26]
Cloob	General. Popular in Iran.	&-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1.000000	Open
College Tonight	College students.	&-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1.000000	requires an e-mail address with an ".edu" ending
Consumating	"Consumeetings"	&-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1.000000	Closed (Site closed down in March 2008)
CouchSurfing	Hospitality		Open
Cyworld	South Koreans	&0000000021000000.00000021,000,000[27]	Open	&0000000000000223.000000223[28]
DeviantART	Art community	&Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ",".Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","8,000,000	Open	&0000000000000107.000000107[29]
DontStayIn	Clubbing (primarily UK)	&-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1.000000	Open
Elftown	Community and wiki around Fantasy and sci-fi.	&0000000000185000.000000185,000[30]	Open, approval needed
Eons.com	For baby boomers	&-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1.000000	Open to people 13 and older	&Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ",".Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","13,675[31]
Experience Project	Life experiences	&-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1.000000	Open
Facebook	General.	&0000000124000000.000000124,000,000[32]	Open to people 13 and older.	&0000000000000005.0000005[33]
Faceparty	General. Popular UK.	&0000000000200000.000000200,000[34]	Open to people 16 and older.	&0000000000002481.0000002,481[35]
Fetlife	People who are into BDSM	&0000000000032500.00000032,500[36]	Open to people "of [legal] age to see adult content"	&0000000000054198.00000054,198[37]
Flixster	Movies	&0000000063000000.00000063,000,000[38]	Open to people 13 and older	&0000000000000309.000000309[39]
Flickr	Photo sharing, commenting, photography related networking, worldwide	&-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1.000000	Open	&0000000000000037.00000037[40]
Fotolog	Photoblogging. Popular in South America and Spain.	&0000000015000000.00000015,000,000[41]	Open	&0000000000000057.00000057[42]
Friends Reunited	UK based. School, college, work, sport and streets	&0000000019000000.00000019,000,000[43]	Open	&0000000000008052.0000008,052[44]
Friendster	General. Popular in Southeast Asian countries such as Thailand, Philippines and Singapore. Not popular in North America and Europe.	&0000000080000000.00000080,000,000[45]	Open to people 16 and older.	&0000000000000035.00000035[46]
Frühstückstreff	General	&-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1.000000	Open
Fubar	dating, an "online bar" for 18 and older	&0000000001200000.0000001,200,000[47]	Open	&0000000000002609.0000002,609[48]
Gaia Online	Anime and games	&-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1.000000	Open
Gather	Article, picture, and video sharing, as well as group discussions	&0000000000465000.000000465,000[49]	Open
Geni.com	Families, genealogy	&0000000015000000.00000015,000,000[50]	Open
Goodreads	Library cataloging, book lovers	&-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1.000000	Open	&Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ",".Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","5,305[51]
Gossipreport.com	Anonymous gossip	&-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1.000000	Open to people 16 and older
Grono.net	Poland	&-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1.000000	Invite-only
GuildCafe	Online games	&-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1.000000	Open
Habbo	General. Over 31 communities worldwide. Chat Room and user profiles.	&0000000100000000.000000100,000,000[52][53]	Open to people 13 and older	&0000000000004050.0000004,050[54]
hi5	General. Popular in Portugal, Cyprus, Romania, Thailand and Latin America.	&0000000080000000.00000080,000,000[55]	Open to people 13 and older	&0000000000000016.00000016[56]
Hospitality Club	Hospitality	&0000000000328629.000000328,629[57]	Open
Hyves	Most popular Dutch social network, especially for students	&0000000004000000.0000004,000,000[58]	Open	&0000000000000216.000000216[59]
imeem	Music, Video, Photos, Blogs	&0000000024000000.00000024,000,000[60]	Open	&0000000000000140.000000140[61]
IRC-Galleria	Finland	&0000000000500000.000000500,000[62]	Open to Finnish speaking people 12 and older
itsmy	Mobile community worldwide, blogging, friends, personal TV-shows	&0000000002500000.0000002,500,000.[63]
iWiW	Hungary	&0000000001700000.0000001,700,000[64]	Invite-only
Jaiku	General. Owned by Google.	&-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1.000000	Open to people 13 and older
kaioo	General, nonprofit	&0000000000030000.00000030,000[65]
Last.fm	Music	&0000000021000000.00000021,000,000[66]	Open to people 13 and older	&0000000000000262.000000262[67]
LibraryThing	Book lovers	&0000000000400000.000000400,000[68]	Open to people 13 and older
lifeknot	Shared interests, hobbies	&-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1.000000	Open to people 18 and older.
LinkedIn	Business	&0000000027000000.00000027,000,000[69]	Open	&0000000000000211.000000211[70]
LiveJournal	Blogging	&0000000016723587.00000016,723,587[71]	Open (OpenID)	&0000000000000056.00000056[72]
LunarStorm	Sweden	&-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1.000000	Open
MEETin	General	&-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1.000000	Open
Meetup.com	General. Used to plan offline meetings for people interested in various activities.	&-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1.000000	Open to people 18 and older.
MiGente.com	Latinos	&0000000002800000.0000002,800,000[73]	Open	&0000000000005266.0000005,266[74]
Mixi	Japan	&0000000017980000.00000017,980,000[75]	Invite-only	&0000000000000064.00000064[76]
mobikade	mobile community, UK only	&-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1.000000	Open to people 18 and older
MocoSpace	mobile community, worldwide	&0000000003000000.0000003,000,000[77]	Open to people 14 and older
MOG	Music	&-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1.000000	Open to people 14 and older
Multiply	"Real world" relationships	&0000000009000000.0000009,000,000[78]	Open to people 13 and older	&0000000000000150.000000150[79]
Muxlim	Muslim portal site	&0000000000050000.00000050,000[80]	Open to people 13 and older	&0000000000094338.00000094,338[81]
MyChurch	Christian Churches	&0000000000144295.000000144,295[82]	Open
MyHeritage	family-oriented social network service	&-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1.000000	Open
MySpace	General. Popular in the United States, Canada and Europe.	&0000000246351193.000000246,351,193[83]	Open to ages 14 and up.	&0000000000000006.0000006[67]
My Net Kings	Business Networking	&0000000000025000.00000025,000[84]	Open to all business professionals!	&0000000002234056.0000002,234,056[85]
myYearbook	General	&0000000005100000.0000005,100,000[86]	Open to age 13 and up & Grades 9 and up	&0000000000000894.000000894[87]
Nasza-klasa.pl	School, college and friends. Popular in Poland.	&0000000011000000.00000011,000,000[88]	Open
Nabuur	Online Volunteering	&-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1.000000	Open
Netlog	General. Popular in Europe. Formerly known as Facebox and Redbox.	&0000000036000000.00000036,000,000[89] [90]	Open	&0000000000000098.00000098[91]
Nettby	Norwegian Community.	&-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1.000000	Open
Nexopia	Canada	&0000000001400000.0000001,400,000[92]	Open to people 14 and older	&Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ",".Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","4,362[93]
Ning	Users create their own social websites and social networks	&-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1.000000	Open	&0000000000000566.000000566
Odnoklassniki.ru	General. Popular in Russia	&0000000010000000.00000010,000,000	Open	&0000000000000040.00000040
OkCupid	Social networking and dating	&-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1.000000	Open to people 18 and older
Orkut	Owned by Google. Popular in Brazil, Paraguay and India. Gaining some popularity in the USA and Canada.	&0000000067000000.00000067,000,000[94]	Open to people 18 and older, (Google login)	&0000000000000011.00000011[95]
OUTeverywhere	Gay/LGBTQ Community	&-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1.000000	Open
Passado	General	&-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1.000000	Open
Passportstamp	Travel	&-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1.000000	Open
PerfSpot	General w/International focus & claim to largest media collection of social networks	&0000000020000000.00000020,000,000[96]	Open	&0000000000000072.00000072[97]
Pingsta	Collaborative platform for the world's Internetwork Experts	&-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1.000000	Invite-only, only Internet Experts
Plaxo	Business	&0000000015000000.00000015,000,000[98]	Open
Playahead	Swedish, Danish,Norwegian teenagers	&-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1.000000	Open
Playboy U	Online college community	&-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1.000000	Open to college students with .edu e-mail address
Plurk	Micro-blogging, RSS, updates	&-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1.000000	Open	&Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ",".Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","27,061[99]
Pownce	Websites, files, and short updates	&-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1.000000	Open
ProfileHeaven	British teens	&-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1.000000	Open to people 13 and older
quarterlife	A social network for artists, filmmakers, musicians, and creative people	&-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1.000000	Open to people 14 and older
RateItAll	General (consumer ratings)	&-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1.000000	Open
Ravelry	Knitting and crochet	&0000000000080000.00000080,000[100]	Invite-only while in beta
Reunion.com	Locating friends and family, keeping in touch	&0000000048000000.00000048,000,000[101]	Open	&0000000000002311.0000002,311[102]
Ryze	Business	&0000000000500000.000000500,000[103]	Open
scispace.net	Collaborative network site for scientists	&-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1.000000	By invitation, but can request an invitation
Shelfari	Books	&-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1.000000	Open
Skyrock	Leading Social Network in French-speaking world	&0000000022000000.00000022,000,000[104]	Open	&0000000000000041.00000041[105]
Sonico.com	General. Popular in Latin America and Spanish and Portuguese speaking regions.	&0000000017000000.00000017,000,000[106][107]	Open to people 13 and older.	&0000000000000297.000000297[108]
Soundpedia	Music	&-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1.000000	Open
Sportsvite	Recreational sports	&0000000000022000.00000022,000[109]	Open
Stickam	Live video streaming and chat.	&0000000002000000.0000002,000,000[110]	Open
Student.com	International teens and colleges	&-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1.000000	Open
StudiVZ	University students, mostly in the German-speaking countries	&0000000008000000.0000008,000,000[111]	Open
Tagged.com	General	&0000000030000000.00000030,000,000[112]	Open	&0000000000000236.000000236[113]
Taltopia	Online artistic community	&-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1.000000	Open
TravBuddy.com	Travel	&-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1.000000	Open
Travellerspoint	Travel	&-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1.000000	Open
tribe.net	General	&-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1.000000	Open	&0000000000003517.0000003,517[114]
Trombi.com	French subsidiary of Classmates.com	&0000000004400000.0000004,400,000[115]	Open
Tuenti.com	General. Very Popular in Spain	&-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1.000000	Invite-only	&0000000000000587.000000587[116]
Twitter	Micro-blogging, RSS, updates	&0000000002200000.0000002,200,000 [117]	Open	&0000000000001970.0000001,970[118]
V Kontakte	Russian social network.	&0000000016000000.00000016,000,000[119]	Open	&0000000000000034.00000034[120]
Vampirefreaks	Gothic and industrial subculture	&0000000001725604.0000001,725,604 [121]	Open to users 13 and over
Vox	Blogging	&-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1.000000	Open
WAYN	Travel and lifestyle	&0000000010000000.00000010,000,000[122]	Open to people 18 and older	&0000000000000823.000000823[123]
WebBiographies	Genealogy and biography	&-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1.000000	Open
Windows Live Spaces	Blogging (formerly MSN Spaces)	&0000000120000000.000000120,000,000[124]	Open	&0000000000000004.0000004[125]
Wis.dm	Questions and answers about anything and everything	&0000000000050000.00000050,000[126]	Open
Xanga	Blogs and "metro" areas	&0000000027000000.00000027,000,000[127]	Open	&0000000000000230.000000230[128]
XING	Business (primarily Europe (Germany) and China)	&0000000006000000.0000006,000,000[129]	Open	&0000000000001814.0000001,814[130]
Xiaonei	Significant site in China	&0000000015000000.00000015,000,000[131]	Open
Yahoo! 360°	Linked to Yahoo! IDs, unsupported[132]	&-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1.000000	Open to people 18 and older, (Yahoo! login)
Yahoo! Mash	Yahoo's new SNS - Still in beta	&-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1.000000	Invite-only while in beta	has shut down
Yelp, Inc.	Local Business Review and Talk	&-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1.000000	Open
Youmeo	UK Social Network (focus on data portability)	&-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1.000000	Open
YouTube	Video Sharing Social Network	&-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1.000000	Open (some videos are available only to users of age 18 or older)
Zude	Social Network	&-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1.000000	Open (OpenID)	&0000000000124804.000000124,804[133]

[edit] References

1. ^ Alexa Top 500 Sites
2. ^ Wall Street Journal March 1, 2006
3. ^ Alexa Traffic Details
4. ^ Advogato User Stats
5. ^ Alexa Traffic Details
6. ^ Alexa Traffic Details
7. ^ Alexa Traffic Details
8. ^ New York Times Online edition
9. ^ Alexa Traffic Details
10. ^ Alexa Traffic Details
11. ^ Guardian Interview with Badoo's Communications Director, Lucy George
12. ^ Alexa Traffic Details
13. ^ "Bahu's video player and one million users". fr.techcrunch.com. Retrieved on 2008-07-20.
14. ^ Alexa Traffic Details
15. ^ "Bebo talking with mobile portals", The Australian (December 3, 2007).
16. ^ Alexa Traffic Details
17. ^ Silicon Alley Insider: April 11, 2008
18. ^ Alexa Traffic Details
19. ^ Quantcast ratings for broadcaster.com
20. ^ Buzznet information page
21. ^ Alexa Traffic Details
22. ^ "Mothers' little helper", Crain’s New York Business (May 3, 2008).
23. ^ Alexa Traffic Details
24. ^ Care2.com homepage
25. ^ TechCrunch highlights S1 filing, September 2007 user numbers
26. ^ Alexa Traffic Details
27. ^ International Business Times
28. ^ Alexa Traffic Details
29. ^ Alexa Traffic Details
30. ^ | Elftown
31. ^ Alexa Traffic Details
32. ^ ComScore | Cnet
33. ^ Alexa Traffic Details
34. ^ Faceparty announced removing 7 million account in a mass message to all members, therefore leaving 200,000
35. ^ Alexa Traffic Details
36. ^ Facebook for the kinky (as of Aug. 2008)
37. ^ Alexa Traffic Details
38. ^ flixster home page stats (as of June 11, 2008)
39. ^ Alexa Traffic Details
40. ^ Alexa Traffic Details
41. ^ Hi-Media press release February 20, 2008
42. ^ Alexa Traffic Details
43. ^ The Guardian: April 29 2008
44. ^ Alexa Traffic Details
45. ^ Friendster reported number, May 2008
46. ^ Alexa Traffic Details
47. ^ Jangl Voice-Enables Fubar: Suddenly, It'S Easy To Talk To Someone You Meet At ''The First Online Bar And Happy Hour''
48. ^ Alexa Traffic Details
49. ^ Gather Article by Altair Ego
50. ^ Geni Home Page
51. ^ Alexa Traffic Details
52. ^ Habbo UK Articles
53. ^ "Don't be lonely at Christmas time", BBC News (December 24, 2007).
54. ^ Alexa Traffic Details
55. ^ USA Today Online edition
56. ^ Alexa Traffic Details
57. ^ HospitalityClub Website
58. ^ Algemeen Dagblad (National newspaper AD)
59. ^ Alexa Traffic Details
60. ^ CNET: March 24, 2008
61. ^ Alexa Traffic Details
62. ^ IRC-Galleria
63. ^ Green, Tim. "Itsmy socialises Italians", Mobile Entertainment. Retrieved on 2008-04-15.
64. ^ "iWiW users double since purchase by T-Online", Europe Intelligence Wire (January 24, 2007).
65. ^ EditorsWeblog Article January 2008
66. ^ "CBS ups social networking ante with Last.fm acquisition". Computerworld.com (2007-05-30). Retrieved on 2008-05-26.
67. ^ ^{a b} Alexa Traffic Details
68. ^ Library Thing Press Release
69. ^ LinkedIn
70. ^ Alexa Traffic Details
71. ^ Livejournal Statistics
72. ^ Alexa Traffic Details
73. ^ MiGente aboutus page May 2008
74. ^ Alexa Traffic Details
75. ^ Mixi counter
76. ^ Alexa Traffic Details
77. ^ TMCnet
78. ^ Multiply is Multiplying: Page Views Double to 600MM Year-over-Year
79. ^ Alexa Traffic Details
80. ^ Muslim social media website claims 1m users per month
81. ^ Alexa Traffic Details
82. ^ [www.mychurch.org]
83. ^ "Alexa the Web Information Company"
84. ^ "My Net Kings"
85. ^ Alexa Traffic Details
86. ^ myYearbook Press Release, Dec. 18, 2007
87. ^ Alexa Traffic Details
88. ^ Gazeta.pl
89. ^ "How Netlog Leaps Language Barriers", The Wall Street Journal (November 1, 2007).
90. ^ "Netlog Corporate stats", Netlog (June 10, 2008).
91. ^ Alexa Traffic Details
92. ^ Nexopia.com
93. ^ Alexa traffic details
94. ^ InformationWeek: December 20, 2007
95. ^ Alexa Traffic Details
96. ^ press release, Aug 2008
97. ^ Alexa Traffic Details
98. ^ "Is Plaxo on the Block?", Reuters (January 4, 2008).
99. ^ Alexa Traffic Details
100. ^ "In Stitches", San Jose Mercury News (February 22, 2008).
101. ^ Web Strategist: Jan. 9, 2008
102. ^ Alexa Traffic Details
103. ^ "Fresh opportunities for older workers", Chicago Tribune (January 6, 2008), p. 8 (Employment Outlook 2008 section).
104. ^ Sinlung News (March 11, 2008)
105. ^ Alexa Traffic Details
106. ^ Sonico: The Largest Social Network in Latin America? (Mashable)
107. ^ Social networking page Sonico counts 15 mln users (Telecom Paper)
108. ^ Traffic details in Alexa
109. ^ "Spotlight on Sportsvite", TheStreet.com (May 15, 2007).
110. ^ Fans Hang Out With Underoath on Stickam.com - Zibb.com
111. ^ studiVZ | Über uns
112. ^ Tagged Inc
113. ^ Alexa Traffic Details
114. ^ Alexa Traffic Details
115. ^ | Trombi.com
116. ^ Alexa Traffic Details
117. ^ TwitDir - a Twitter directory - Find your friends and more on Twitter!
118. ^ Alexa Traffic Details
119. ^ Main page of vkontakte.ru
120. ^ Alexa Traffic Details
121. ^ http://vampirefreaks.com/
122. ^ "Don't be lonely at Christmas time", BBC News (December 24, 2007).
123. ^ Alexa Traffic Details
124. ^ Windows Live Spaces Fact Sheet - August 2006 Retrieved May 3, 2008
125. ^ Alexa Traffic Details
126. ^ Accelerated Ideas as of January 2008
127. ^ Mashable: '27 Million Bloggers and Counting' August 13, 2006
128. ^ Alexa Traffic Details
129. ^ "XING Corporate Information - Q&As". XING. Retrieved on 2008-09-12.
130. ^ Alexa Traffic Details
131. ^ [1]
132. ^ Yang Decides To Shut Down Yahoo360 - "Worldwide uniques were 10.5 million in September, 2007, but that was down 22 percent from the year before." -- TechCrunch: October 23, 2007
133. ^ Alexa Traffic Details

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arry Reid

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Harry Reid
24th United States Senate Majority Leader
Incumbent
Assumed office January 4, 2007
Deputy	Richard Durbin
Preceded by	Bill Frist (R)
21st United States Senate Minority Leader
In office January 3, 2005 – January 3, 2007
Deputy	Richard Durbin
Preceded by	Tom Daschle (D)
Succeeded by	Mitch McConnell (R)
27th United States Senate Majority Whip
In office June 6, 2001 – January 3, 2003
Leader	Tom Daschle
Preceded by	Don Nickles (R)
Succeeded by	Mitch McConnell (R)
27th United States Senate Minority Whip
In office January 3, 1999 – January 3, 2001 January 20 - June 6, 2001 January 3, 2003 - January 3, 2005
Leader	Tom Daschle
Preceded by	Wendell Ford (1999) Don Nickles (2001)
Succeeded by	Don Nickles (2001) Richard Durbin (2005)
Senior Senator from Nevada
Incumbent
Assumed office January 3, 1987
Preceded by	Paul Laxalt
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Nevada's 1st district
In office January 3, 1983 – January 3, 1987
Preceded by	James David Santini (At-large)
Succeeded by	James Bilbray
Lieutenant Governor of Nevada
In office 1971 – 1975
Governor	Mike O'Callaghan
Preceded by	Edward Fike
Succeeded by	Robert Rose
Born	December 2, 1939 (1939-12-02) (age 68) Searchlight, Nevada
Political party	Democratic
Spouse	Landra Gould
Residence	Searchlight, Nevada
Alma mater	Utah State University, George Washington University
Profession	Lawyer
Religion	The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints

Harry Mason Reid (born December 2, 1939) is the senior United States Senator from Nevada and a member of the Democratic Party, as well as the U.S. Senate Majority Leader for the 110th Congress.

Reid has been leader of the Senate Democrats since 2005, serving as Minority Leader from 2005 until the Democrats won control of the Senate in the 2006 congressional elections. He is the first member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints to serve as a Senate Majority Leader.

Contents [hide] 1 Background and family life 2 Nevada political career 3 U.S. Congress 3.1 House of Representatives 3.2 Senate 3.2.1 Leadership 3.2.2 Committee memberships 4 Opinions and beliefs 4.1 Abortion and the Supreme Court 4.1.1 Abortion issues 4.1.2 Pregnancy prevention and clinic safety 4.1.3 Supreme Court nominations 4.2 The Bush Administration and Supreme Court 4.3 Civil rights 4.4 Death penalty 4.5 Energy policy 4.6 Ethics reform 4.7 Gun politics 4.8 Immigration 4.9 Iraq War 4.10 Stem cell research 4.11 Technology 4.12 Yucca Mountain 5 Liberal criticisms 5.1 Iraq War 5.2 Filibusters 6 Conservative criticisms 6.1 Rush Limbaugh letter 6.2 Iraq War 6.3 Republican criticism of donations 6.4 Las Vegas land deal 6.5 Condo gifts 7 Other criticisms 7.1 Laughlin, Nevada, bridge project 8 Opinion polls 9 Popular culture 10 Electoral history 11 Notes and references 12 External links

[edit] Background and family life

Reid was born in the small mining town of Searchlight, Nevada, the son of Inez Orena (née Jaynes) and Harry Vincent Reid.^[1] Reid attended Basic High School in Henderson, Nevada. Mike O'Callaghan, future Governor of Nevada and Reid's history teacher, coached Reid in boxing at the Henderson Boys' Club.^[2]

Reid received his A.S. from Southern Utah State College in 1959 and in 1961 earned his B.S. from Utah State University. He moved to Washington, D.C. and worked as an officer for the U.S. Capitol Police while attending George Washington University for his law degree. Reid graduated in 1964 and returned to Nevada to work as a lawyer before entering politics. Reid and his wife have five children, one of whom, Rory Reid, is an elected Commissioner for Clark County, Nevada, and another who recently ran for municipal office in Cottonwood Heights, Utah.^[3]

Reid is a first generation member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.^[4] Reid and his wife, who was born to Jewish parents, converted to Mormonism while Reid was a college student.^[5] He stated in an interview with Brigham Young University's Daily Universe that "I think it is much easier to be a good member of the Church and a Democrat than a good member of the Church and a Republican." He went on to say that the Democrats' emphasis on helping others, as opposed to what he considers Republican dogma to the contrary, is the reason he's a Democrat.^[6] He delivered a speech at BYU to about 4,000 students on October 9, 2007 in which he affirmed that Democratic values mirror Mormon values.^[7]

[edit] Nevada political career

Reid was elected to the Nevada State Assembly in 1967. He left after being elected lieutenant governor in 1970, the same year his mentor O'Callaghan was elected governor. He served in that office until 1974, when he ran for the U.S. Senate seat being vacated by Alan Bible. He lost by fewer than 600 votes to former Governor Paul Laxalt.

Reid then served as chairman of the Nevada Gaming Commission from 1977 to 1981, a post that subjected him to death threats. Reid's wife once found a bomb attached to one of their cars.^[8] A character in the film Casino played by Dick Smothers is based, in part, on Reid.^[8] Jack Gordon once tried to bribe Reid. Reid allowed the FBI to tape Gordon's attempt to bribe him with $12,000, at which point Reid attempted (unsuccessfully) to strangle Gordon, saying "You son of a bitch, you tried to bribe me!"^[5]

[edit] U.S. Congress

[edit] House of Representatives

Until the 1980 census, Nevada had only one member in the United States House of Representatives, but population growth in the 1970s resulted in the state picking up a second district. Reid won the Democratic nomination for the 1st District, based in Las Vegas, in 1982, and easily won the general election. He served two terms in the House, from 1983 to 1987.

[edit] Senate

In 1986, Reid won the Democratic nomination for the seat of retiring two-term incumbent Paul Laxalt. He defeated former at-large Congressman Jim Santini, a Democrat who had turned Republican, in the November election. He coasted to reelection in 1992. However, he barely defeated 1st District Congressman John Ensign in 1998 in the midst of a statewide Republican sweep.

In 2004, Reid won reelection with 61 percent of the vote, gaining the endorsement of several Republicans.

Ensign was elected to Nevada's other Senate seat in 2000. He and Reid have a very good relationship, despite their bruising contest in 1998. The two frequently work together on Nevada issues.

[edit] Leadership

From 1999 to 2005, Reid served as Senate Democratic Whip. He served as minority whip from 1999 to 2001 and again from 2003 to 2005, and as majority whip from 2001 to 2003 (except for a brief period from January-May 2001). From 2001 to 2003, he served as chairman of the Senate Ethics Committee.

Reid succeeded Tom Daschle as minority leader in 2005, and gained notoriety for his confrontational approach in dealing with the Republican majority and President Bush. He became majority leader after the 2006 elections.

[edit] Committee memberships

• Select Committee on Intelligence (Ex Officio)
• Committee on Rules and Administration

[edit] Opinions and beliefs

[edit] Abortion and the Supreme Court

[edit] Abortion issues

Senator Reid, reflecting a pro-life view, believes in a heavily restricted right to abortion. He stated in a 1998 National Political Awareness Test that he believed "Abortions should be legal only when the pregnancy resulted from incest, rape, or when the life of the woman is endangered."^[9] In 1999, he voted against an amendment explicitly expressing support for Roe v. Wade.^[10]

Reid has voted several times to ban what physicians call the "intact dilation and evacuation" procedure and what abortion opponents call the "partial-birth abortion" procedure.^[11] In 2003, he supported alternate language than the act that eventually passed that would have banned all late-term abortions, while allowing exceptions for the life and health of the mother. Several polls have stated that a majority of Americans support banning "partial birth abortion" when the pollsters describe it as such.^[12][13] Reid also voted in favor of the Unborn Victims of Violence Act, in favor of parental notification in the case of minors undergoing out-of-state abortions, and in favor of maintaining the ban on abortions and supplying birth control for US military personnel.^[14]

[edit] Pregnancy prevention and clinic safety

In 1994, Reid voted for the Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act prohibiting the use of intimidation or physical force to prevent or discourage people from gaining access to a reproductive health care facility. He was the co-sponsor of an amendment to the bill which allows anyone to exercise freedom to worship at a health care facility. It allows reproductive health care professionals to gain access to a clinic without being physically threatened and, at the same time, allows religious organizations to pray outside of abortion clinics.^[15]

Reid introduced legislation in 2006 co-sponsored by Hillary Clinton that would fund abortion prevention efforts such as giving women broader access to contraception. In a press release about their "Prevention First Amendment," Clinton and Reid stated that for every dollar spent on pregnancy prevention, three are saved by pregnancy and birth-related expenses borne by Medicaid.^[16] The bill received Republican opposition and failed.

Reid voted in favor of an amendment that would over-turn the Mexico City Policy. The policy bans U.S. aid to overseas health organizations that give men and women birth control, provide information about abortion procedures, or that perform abortion procedures as part of a "family planning policy". Opponents of the policy argue that the ban keeps funds from going to non-governmental organizations distributing condoms and USAID-donated birth control and has resulted in an increase in unwanted pregnancies, and thus an increase in the rate of abortion. Opponents also argue that the ban promotes restrictions on free speech as well as restrictions on accurate medical information.^[17][18][19] Supporters of the policy have argued, using the example of the Philippines, that the ban prevents overseas health organizations from using US government funds to disobey the abortion and birth control laws of their own countries.^[20] Supporters also argue that the policy prevents the health agencies from promoting abortion at the expense of other birth control methods.^[21] The amendment overturning the Mexico City Policy passed the Senate by a 53-41 vote. President Bush has vowed to veto any legislation eliminating the policy.^[22]

Reid received a 100% rating from NARAL in 2001 and voted with the interests of the National Family Planning and Reproductive Health Association 68% of the time from 1995 to 2004. In 2003 and 2004, he received 29% and 20% ratings, respectively, from NARAL Pro-Choice America.^[14][23] From 2005 to 2006, "Reid supported the interests of the National Right to Life Committee 50 percent." Planned Parenthood gave him a 57% rating in 2006.^[24]

[edit] Supreme Court nominations

In 2005, Reid voted against Supreme Court of the United States nominee John Roberts, in part because of pressure from his constituents.^[25] About 64% of Reid's constituents in Nevada identify themselves as "pro-choice."^[26] Reid also voted against nominee Samuel Alito,^[27] but argued against the pursuit of a filibuster of Alito because the Republican majority leader at the time, Bill Frist, had threatened to institute what he and other Republicans called the "Constitutional option" and what Democrats called the "nuclear option". If implemented, the option would have eliminated the filibuster and made a simple majority -- rather than a three-fifths majority -- enough to move forward any federal judicial confirmations.^[28][29]

[edit] The Bush Administration and Supreme Court

Reid made headlines in May 2005 when he said of George W. Bush, "The man's father is a wonderful human being. I think this guy is a loser." Reid later apologized for these comments.^[30] Reid also called Supreme Court Associate Justice Clarence Thomas an "embarrassment"^[31] and referred to Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan as a "political hack."^[32]

[edit] Civil rights

Reid has said "I believe marriage should be between a man and a woman" and voted for the Defense of Marriage Act. Reid voted against the Federal Marriage Amendment and against "prohibiting same-sex basic training." He has also voted for "prohibiting job discrimination based on sexual orientation" and for "adding sexual orientation to definition of hate crimes".^[14]

Reid supported the original Patriot Act passed shortly after the World Trade Center attacks. He opposed the later versions of the act, stating on the Senate floor in December 2005 that "The final bill was written by Republican conferees working behind closed doors with Justice Department lawyers." He argued that "It leaves largely in place a definition of domestic terrorism so broad it could be read to cover acts of civil disobedience."^[33] Reid later boasted to Democratic activists that "We killed the Patriot Act."^[34] Reid clarified his statement later that day, saying that he only intended to add more safeguards to the act.^[35]. Nonpartisan media analysis website FactCheck.org later stated that "obviously, he chose his words poorly" and "Reid's words are grossly misleading".^[36] Reid said on Fox News Sunday that he considered the act's defeat worth celebrating. He remarked that "I'm opposed to evil terrorists as most Americans are. But we still believe in this little thing called the Constitution."^[37]

In spring 2006, Reid joined a 89 to 10 bipartisan vote reauthorizing the act, saying "Our support for the Patriot Act does not mean a blank check for the president.... What we tried to do on a bipartisan basis is have a better bill. It has been improved." Nine Democratic Senators such as Russell Feingold, Robert Byrd, Daniel Akaka, and Patrick Leahy along with Independent Jim Jeffords voted against the bill.^[38] The Wall Street Journal's editorial page called his vote, in context with his earlier statement, "Reid's "mission accomplished" moment".^[39]

Reid supports a constitutional amendment to prevent flag desecration.^[40][41] Reid has also criticised Senate Republicans for bringing up anti-desecration legislation, calling it one of "the 'pet' issues of the right wing".^[42]

[edit] Death penalty

Reid strongly supports use of the death penalty, having voted in favor of limiting death penalties appeals and executing criminals who were minors when they committed their crime.^[43]

[edit] Energy policy

Reid supports legislation that would cut $15 billion in tax breaks for large oil companies and put the money toward renewable energy sources.^[44] In an op-ed to the Reno Gazette Journal, Harry Reid wrote, "I am working on a bipartisan energy bill that will create thousands of Nevada jobs, save consumers money, address global warming, and make our country safer. We can do that by reducing our reliance on oil and investing in the renewable energy sources that are abundant in our state." The environmental organization "Campaign for America's Future" gave him a 100% rating from 2005 to 2006.^[45]

[edit] Ethics reform

In January 2007, Harry Reid brought a Senate ethics reform bill to a vote. These rules passed overwhelmingly on a bipartisan basis-- 96 to 2. The bill was a reaction to Republican scandals in the U.S. House of Representatives. The ethics bill bars members from accepting gifts, meals, and trips from lobbyists and organization employing them. It also bars Senators from borrowing corporate jets for travel and compels Senators to disclose the names of sponsors, or authors, of bills and specific projects.^[46]

[edit] Gun politics

Reid voted for the "Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act"-- designed "to prohibit civil liability actions from being brought or continued against manufacturers, distributors, dealers, or importers of firearms or ammunition for damages... resulting from the misuse of their products" and against the ban on semi-automatic firearms. He also voted in favor of the Brady Bill and background checks at gun shows.^[47]

[edit] Immigration

Reid calls "immigration reform" one of his top priorities for the 110th Congress.^[48]. He supports the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007 (S. 1348), but pulled it from the Senate floor because he believed too many amendments to the legislation were being introduced.

Reid supports the DREAM Act which would make it easier for young people who are not citizens of the United States, but are permanent residents, to attend college or university in the United States. ^[49] The DREAM Act was introduced to the Senate by Senators Orrin Hatch (R-UT) and Richard Durbin (D-IL) ^[50]

Reid opposed a Constitutional amendment to make English the national language of the United States, calling the proposal "racist."^[51]

[edit] Iraq War

Reid voted in January 1991 to authorize military force in Iraq to liberate Kuwait. ^[52] On the Senate floor, Reid quoted from John F. Kennedy's 1963 State of the Union speech^[53] by saying "the mere absence of war is not Peace".^[54] According to The New York Times, the "Senate approved the use of military force by a vote of 52 to 47" with ten out of the fifty-five Senate Democrats voting in support.^[55]

Reid voted in support of the 2003 invasion of Iraq.^[56][57] In March 2007, he voted in favor of "redeploying US troops out of Iraq by March 2008".^[57] Reid said on April 19, 2007 "I believe, myself that the secretary of state, secretary of defense, and — you have to make your own decisions as to what the president knows — this war is lost and the surge is not accomplishing anything as indicated by the extreme violence in Iraq yesterday." Reid said he told President Bush he thought the war could not be won through military force, although he said the U.S. could still pursue political, economic and diplomatic means to bring peace to Iraq.^[58] He also said, "As long as we follow the President's path in Iraq, the war is lost. But there is still a chance to change course and we must change course. No one wants us to succeed in the Middle East more than I do. But there must be a change of course. Our brave men and women overseas have passed every test with flying colors. They have earned our pride and our praise. More important, they deserve a strategy worthy of their sacrifice."^[59]

In an April 22, 2007 appearance on FOX News Sunday, Reid's Senatorial colleague Charles Schumer stated, "The war is not lost. And Harry Reid believes this — we Democrats believe it — if we change our mission and focus it more narrowly on counter-terrorism, going after an Al Qaida camp that might arise in Iraq. That would take many fewer troops out of harm's way. That's what we're pushing the president to do."^[60]

On September 10, 2007, the Commander of the Multi-National Force in Iraq David H. Petraeus presented a "Report to Congress on the Situation in Iraq". He stated that "As a bottom line up front, the military objectives of the surge are, in large measure, being met." The New York Times reported on September 11 that Petraeus had "warned in stark terms against the kind of rapid pullback favored by the Democratic majorities in the House and Senate".^[61] Reid stated that the general's "plan is just more of the same" and "is neither a drawdown or a change in mission that we need." He also said that Congressional Democrats plan to "to change the course of the war".^[62] Petraeus will "make a further assessment and [offer] recommendations next March".^[63]

[edit] Stem cell research

Reid supports stem cell research, referring to the research as "the next generation of medical breakthroughs." He has stated that "Democrats will not give up the fight for stem cell research. It is a fight America must win."^[64]

[edit] Technology

Reid's voting record on technology is the following according to OnTheIssues.org ^[65]

• Voted NO on restoring $550M in funding for Amtrak for 2007. (Mar 2006)
• Voted YES on disallowing FCC approval of larger media conglomerates. (Sep 2003)
• Voted YES on Internet sales tax moratorium. (Oct 1998)
• Voted YES on telecomm deregulation. (Feb 1996)
• Promoted internet via Congressional Internet Caucus. (Jan 2001)

[edit] Yucca Mountain

Harry Reid firmly opposes the proposed Yucca Mountain federal nuclear waste repository in Nevada. He's quoted as saying the concept "is dead. It'll never happen." Reid, who has long been an opponent of the centralized nuclear waste facility in his home state, said he would continue to work to block completion of the project. "It's dying on its own. It's just happening. You don't need just a sudden demise. It's breathing really hard. Just let it lay there a while and it'll be dead," says Reid.^[66]

[edit] Liberal criticisms

[edit] Iraq War

Liberal critics argue that Reid is not doing enough to end the American military presence in Iraq. The Boston Globe has stated that disappointment among constituents and Democratic Party activists regarding efforts to withdraw troops as well as conservative opposition to those efforts, together, have reduced Congress's approval rating. ^[67]

[edit] Filibusters

Liberal critics argue that Reid is allowing Senate Republicans to create a 60-vote bar for passage of bills without actually filibustering, and that 60 votes has never been the standard. Reid appears to such critics to assume that Republicans will filibuster all controversial bills, and does not require the traditional filibuster tactic to prevent cloture votes on such bills. Unspoken agreements have led to the failure of measures on Iraq War timetables ^[68] and a Democrat-sponsored FISA bill. ^[69] Ironically, Reid has called for an open floor debate on the current FISA bill, stating that "This is not something we are going to have a silent filibuster on." ^[70]

[edit] Conservative criticisms

[edit] Rush Limbaugh letter

In response to radio host Rush Limbaugh's comment about "phony soldiers", Harry Reid authored a letter co-signed by 40 other Democratic senators, which called Limbaugh's words "unpatriotic" and called for Limbaugh to apologize. In response, Limbaugh showed the letter during a speech in Philadelphia on October 11 before auctioning it off on eBay. The auction attained a winning bid of $2,100,100.00 from the Eugene B. Casey Foundation. Limbaugh pledged his own matching donation to the Marine Corps-Law Enforcement Foundation, a charity that provides scholarships to the children of fallen law enforcement officers and United States Marines, of which Limbaugh is a director, and challenged Harry Reid to do the same.^{[71][72][73][74]} On October 19, 2007, moments before the charity auction was to end, Reid announced on the Senate floor that he was proud to be a party to this donation and stated that he had helped make the donation possible^[75][76]. Right-wing blog Newsbusters criticised the Senator's statements.^[77]

[edit] Iraq War

Conservative critics such as commentators writing in National Review, The Weekly Standard, and The Washington Times as well as former Republican Senator Fred Thompson argue that Reid-- in his opposition to the war-- ignores the change in military tactics and methodology with the adoption of the surge, the resignation of Donald Rumsfeld, and the appointment of General David Petraeus.^[78] A July 2007 CBS poll found that 65% of Americans "disapprove of the way Republicans in Congress are handling the situation with Iraq" and 59% disapprove of the Democrats' handling. Both results have "unsure" groups of about 10%. An August 2007 CBS poll found that 69% also disapprove of the Bush Administration's handling.^[79]

On April 24, Vice President Dick Cheney criticized what he termed Reid's "blind opposition to the new strategy in Iraq," charging that "Sen. Reid himself has said that the war in Iraq will bring his party more seats in the next election."^[80] Earlier in April, Reid had been quoted in the Washington Post as saying that "We're going to pick up Senate seats as a result of this war," and that "Senator Schumer has shown me numbers that are compelling and astounding."^[81] Reid later responded, "I'm not going to get into a name calling match with the administration's chief attack dog"^[80] and that "I'm not going to get into a name-calling match with somebody who has a 9 percent approval rating."^[82]

[edit] Republican criticism of donations

See also: Jack Abramoff Indian lobbying scandal

Regarding Reid's links to lobbyist Jack Abramoff, the Las Vegas Review Journal on February 3, 2006 reported, "The National Republican Senatorial Committee this week revived a charge that Reid received more than $50,000 from four tribes with gaming interests between 2001 and 2004 after they hired Abramoff. The Nevadan had received no money from those tribes before then, Republicans said." John Solomon, an Associated Press reporter, examined this charge as well as other Republican charges against Reid in a series of articles.^[83]

While Reid received money from Native American tribes that also hired Abramoff, Abramoff did not personally give donations to Reid.^[84] Abramoff personally never donated to Democrats.^[85] The Native American tribes who hired him contributed to both Republicans and Democrats.^[86] The tribes also donated money to Reid.^[87] Reid has always opposed off-reservation gambling.^[84] Solomon, working with Sharon Theimer of the Associated Press, reported that Reid collected donations from Native American gambling interests around the time of each vote Reid cast opposing off-reservation gambling. Ethics rules require senators to avoid even the appearance of a conflict of interest in collecting contributions around the times they take official acts benefiting donors.^[88] Both Reid and John Ensign, the Junior Senator from Nevada, received gaming interest money from Native American tribes. The Senate Ethics Committee did not accuse Reid nor Ensign of violating Senate ethics rules.^[89]

John Solomon also reported, among the contacts between Abramoff's Democratic lobbying team and Reid's office, there were several discussions about a bill to raise the minimum wage of the Northern Mariana Islands.^[90][91] Solomon did not report that Reid co-sponsored a the bill that would have raised the minimum wage in the NMI, a bill Abramoff's clients opposed. ^[84] Reid described the Abramoff affair as "a Republican scandal," referring to Abramoff's felony conviction for making illegal contributions to Republican Congressman Bob Ney and Abramoff's close affiliation with the former House Majority Leader, Tom DeLay's Republican K Street Project.^[92] A spokesperson said that Reid had never met Abramoff personally, that neither Reid nor his campaign has ever received money directly from Abramoff, and that his legislative work was done on behalf of his Nevadan constituents as well as the large gaming interests in Nevada. Jim Manley, a Reid spokesperson, told the Associated Press "All the actions that Senator Reid took were consistent with his long- held beliefs, such as not letting tribal casinos expand beyond reservations, and were taken to defend the interests of Nevada constituents."^[93]

[edit] Las Vegas land deal

On October 11, 2006, John Solomon reported that Harry Reid's member interest in a limited liability company (LLC) was allocated $1.1 million of the gross proceeds attributable to the sale of a parcel of land. In 1998, Reid bought a plot of land for $400,000, fair market value at the time. One of the sellers was a developer who arranged a land swap that Reid supported. In 2001, he transferred title of the land to the LLC. When the LLC sold the land in an arm's length transaction in 2004, Reid made a profit.^[94]

The LLC was formed by long-time friend and former casino attorney Jay Brown,^[94]. Reid's failure to disclose the change in the form of his asset holdings upon contribution to the LLC violates Senate rules according to former Federal Election Commission overseer Kent Cooper. Reid did disclose the 2004 sale as though he held the property in his individual name. In addition, Brown paid a small portion of Reid's taxes on the ownership stake, which constitutes basis for Brown and is corrected for at the land's sale resulting in higher taxes for Reid.^{[citation needed]} Since Reid continued to own the land inside the LLC with the same basis he held it before contribution, he continued to report to Congress that he owned the land for 3 years after he transferred title to the LLC he partially owned.^[94][95] Reid's staff stated that he did not initially disclose the transfer of the land to the LLC because this transfer was not a change of ownership, but was simply Reid owning the land through an LLC instead of as an individual.

Reid directed his staff to amend the 2001 financial disclosure forms to reflect the transfer of title to the LLC. He also disclosed two other land transactions on the amended reports.^[96]

[edit] Condo gifts

On October 17, 2006, John Solomon of the Associated Press reported that Reid had used campaign donations to pay for $3,300 in Christmas gifts to the staff at the condominium where he resides.^[97] Federal election law prohibits candidates from using political donations for personal use. Reid's staff stated that his attorneys had approved use of the funds in this manner but that he nonetheless would personally reimburse his campaign for the expenses. That action notwithstanding, the conservative group Citizens United announced it had filed a complaint with the Federal Election Commission to investigate the matter. ^[98]

[edit] Other criticisms

[edit] Laughlin, Nevada, bridge project

Reid earmarked a spending bill to provide for building a bridge between Nevada and Arizona that would make land he owned more valuable. Reid called funding for construction of a bridge over the Colorado River, among other projects, 'incredibly good news for Nevada' in a news release after passage of the 2005 transportation bill. He owned 160 acres (0.65 km²) of land several miles from the proposed bridge site in Arizona. The bridge could add value to his real estate investment.^[99]

[edit] Opinion polls

National opinion polls have shown Senate Majority Leader Reid's job approval to be low or unfavorable.^[100][101] Democrats as a whole in the United States Congress also receive low approval ratings, although sometimes slightly higher than their Republican peers.^[102][103] An October 2007 Las Vegas Review-Journal favorability poll indicated 51 percent of Nevadans view Reid unfavorably, with 32 percent indicating favorability.^[104] A December 2007 Las Vegas Review-Journal job approval poll showed 42 percent of Nevadans rating Reid "poor," 41 percent "excellent or good," and 16 percent "only fair."^[105]

[edit] Popular culture

Part of Harry Reid's confrontation with Frank Rosenthal is reenacted in the movie Casino (1995).^[106][107] Reid had a cameo role in the movie Traffic (2000), in which he played himself.^[108] He appeared along with Senators Sam Brownback and Barack Obama in the 2007 documentary film Sand and Sorrow, which details the genocide in Sudan.^[109]

[edit] Electoral history

After Reid's run for Senate in 1974 in which he lost narrowly to Paul Laxalt, Reid served as Nevada state gaming commissioner, as noted above. After the 1980 Census, Reid successfully ran for the new House district Nevada had been granted, and served two terms. In 1986, Reid was elected as Senator to replace the retiring Laxalt and has served in the Senate ever since.

U.S. Senate elections in Nevada (Class III): Results 1974, 1986–2004
Nevada's 1st congressional district: Results 1982–1984^[110]

Year	Office		Democrat	Votes	Pct		Republican	Votes	Pct		3rd Party	Party	Votes	Pct		3rd Party	Party	Votes	Pct		3rd Party	Party	Votes	Pct		3rd Party	Party	Votes	Pct		3rd Party	Party	Votes	Pct
1974	Senate		Harry Reid	78,981	47%		Paul Laxalt	79,605	47%		Jack C. Doyle	Independent American	10,887	6%
1982	House		Harry Reid	61,901	53%		Peggy Cavnar	55,391	47%
1984	House		Harry Reid	73,242	61%		Peggy Cavnar	45,675	38%		Joe Morris	Libertarian	1,885	2%
1986	Senate		Harry Reid	130,955	50%		Jim Santini	116,606	45%		Kent Cromwell	Libertarian	4,899	2%		None of these *		9,472	4%
1992	Senate		Harry Reid	253,150	51%		Demar Dahl	199,413	40%		Joe S. Garcia	Independent American	11,240	2%		Lois Avery	Natural Law	7,279	1%		Kent Cromwell	Libertarian	7,222	1%		Harry Tootle	Populist	4,429	1%		None of these *		13,154	3%
1998	Senate		Harry Reid	208,621	48%		John Ensign	208,220	48%		Michael Cloud	Libertarian	8,129	2%		Michael E. Williams	Natural Law	2,781	1%		None of these *		8,113	2%
2004	Senate		Harry Reid	494,805	61%		Richard Ziser	284,640	35%		Thomas L. Hurst	Libertarian	9,559	1%		David K. Schumann	Independent American	6,001	1%		Gary Marinch	Natural Law	2,095	<1%		None of these *		12,968	2%

* Nevada law since 1975 allows dissatisfied voters to vote for "None of These Candidates."

[edit] Notes and references

This article uses bare URLs for citations, which are susceptible to link rot. Please help improve this article by changing bare URLs into proper citations with titles, dates, and authors, so that the article remains verifiable in the future. Also consider using WebCite to archive the links.

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71. ^ Limbaugh Sells Critical Letter for $2.1 Million - New York Times
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79. ^ Iraq
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89. ^ Politicians caught in the rush to return donation
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106. ^ Template error: argument title is required.
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